From signals to music: a bottom-up approach to the structure of neuronal activity.

Introduction: The search for the "neural code" has been a fundamental quest in neuroscience, concerned with the way neurons and neuronal systems process and transmit information. However, the term "code" has been mostly used as a metaphor, seldom acknowledging the formal definitions introduced by information theory, and the contributions of linguistics and semiotics not at all. The heuristic potential of the latter was suggested by structuralism, which turned the methods and findings of linguistics to other fields of knowledge. For the study of complex communication systems, such as human language and music, the necessity of an approach that considers multilayered, nested, structured organization of symbols becomes evident. We work under the hypothesis that the neural code might be as complex as these human-made codes. To test this, we propose a bottom-up approach, constructing a symbolic logic in order to translate neuronal signals into music scores. Methods: We recorded single cells' activity from the rat's globus pallidus pars interna under conditions of full alertness, blindfoldedness and environmental silence. We analyzed the signals with statistical, spectral, and complex methods, including Fast Fourier Transform, Hurst exponent and recurrence plot analysis. Results: The results indicated complex behavior and recurrence graphs consistent with fractality, and a Hurst exponent >0.5, evidencing temporal persistence. On the whole, these features point toward a complex behavior of the time series analyzed, also present in classical music, which upholds the hypothesis of structural similarities between music and neuronal activity. Furthermore, through our experiment we performed a comparison between music and raw neuronal activity. Our results point to the same conclusion, showing the structures of music and neuronal activity to be homologous. The scores were not only spontaneously tonal, but they exhibited structure and features normally present in human-made musical creations. Discussion: The hypothesis of a structural homology between the neural code and the code of music holds, suggesting that some of the insights introduced by linguistic and semiotic theory might be a useful methodological resource to go beyond the limits set by metaphoric notions of "code."

Putative Mitoviruses without In-Frame UGA(W) Codons: Evolutionary Implications.

Mitoviruses are small vertically transmitted RNA viruses found in fungi, plants and animals. Taxonomically, a total of 105 species and 4 genera have been formally recognized by ICTV, and recently, 18 new putative species have been included in a new proposed genus. Transcriptomic and metatranscriptomic studies are a major source of countless new virus-like sequences that are continually being added to open databases and these may be good sources for identifying new putative mitoviruses. The search for mitovirus-like sequences in the NCBI databases resulted in the discovery of more than one hundred new putative mitoviruses, with important implications for taxonomy and also for the evolutionary scenario. Here, we propose the inclusion of four new putative members to the genus Kvaramitovirus, and the existence of a new large basally divergent lineage composed of 144 members that lack internal UGA codons (subfamily "Arkeomitovirinae"), a feature not shared by the vast majority of mitoviruses. Finally, a taxonomic categorization proposal and a detailed description of the evolutionary history of mitoviruses were carried out. This in silico study supports the hypothesis of the existence of a basally divergent lineage that could have had an impact on the early evolutionary history of mitoviruses.

Proposal of a New Parameter for Evaluating Muscle Mass in Footballers through Bioimpedance Analysis.

The evaluation of muscle mass in athletes correlates with sports performance directly. Bioimpedance vector analysis is a growing method of assessing body composition in athletes because it is independent of predictive formulas containing variables such as body weight, ethnicity, age, and sex. The study aims to propose a new parameter (Levi's Muscle Index, LMI) that evaluates muscle mass through raw bioelectrical data. A total of 664 male footballers underwent bioimpedance assessment during the regular season. LMI was correlated with body cell mass (BCM) and phase angle (PA) to establish efficacy. The footballers were 24.5 ± 5.8 years old, 180.7 ± 5.9 cm tall and weighed 76.3 ± 7.1 kg. The relationships were: LMI-BMI: r = 0.908, r2 = 0.824, p < 0.001; LMI-PA: r = 0.704, r2 = 0.495, p = 0.009 and PA-BCM: r = 0.491, r2 = 0.241, p < 0.001. The results obtained confirm that LMI could be considered a new parameter that provides reliable information to evaluate the muscle mass of athletes. Furthermore, the higher LMI-BCM relationship than PA-BCM demonstrates specificity for muscle mass evaluation in athletes regardless of body weight, ethnicity, age, and sex.

L'anthropologie de la reconnaissance de Marcel Hénaff et la question du symbolisme : sur la pertinence de relire Mauss après Lévi-Strauss.

Marcel Hénaff's work (1942-2018) can be considered as a nuanced interpretation of modern western societies. The fact that it addresses a wide range of topics tends to mask the articulated thought it bears - in that matter, The Price of Truth: Gift, Money, and Philosophy (2010) is the best example. His thought took this particular form in part because of its genealogical stance, which is informed by social and cultural anthropology, phenomenology and, in some ways Christian theology. But if one wants to get a better grasp of its internal coherence, one must turn to religion as it has been approached by the French School of sociology and anthropology. For Hénaff developed his anthropology of recognition through a dialogue with Claude Lévi-Strauss's thought on symbolism, revisited with Marcel Mauss's own work on ceremonial gift exchange and symbolism.

Compact homogeneous Leviflat CR-manifolds.

We consider compact Leviflat homogeneous Cauchy-Riemann (CR) manifolds. In this setting, the Levi-foliation exists and we show that all its leaves are homogeneous and biholomorphic. We analyze separately the structure of orbits in complex projective spaces and parallelizable homogeneous CR-manifolds in our context and then combine the projective and parallelizable cases. In codimensions one and two, we also give a classification.

Why Are We Scientists? Drawing Inspiration From Rita Levi-Montalcini.

In 2007, drawing inspiration from her previous experiments on chick embryos, Rita Levi-Montalcini, at the age of 98, proposed a new project, and a research group, in which I was included, was formed at the European Brain Research Institute (EBRI). Looking back on this experience, I can say that Professor Levi-Montalcini's approach and the relationships she formed with my colleagues and me, contributed to my growth as a researcher. With her welcoming and warm-hearted disposition, she taught me how to consider other people's ideas without prejudice, to reason and not to exclude any hypothesis. I also learned from her how to overcome those difficulties that are so frequent in the research field, always keeping in mind the starting point and looking toward the objective, with a factual optimism. I was just a young researcher and deeply flattered that a Nobel Laureate, with an incredible career and extraordinary life, treated me as her equal. My experience with Professor Levi-Montalcini has also provided me with a reliable path to follow, and when I encounter difficulties and challenges, I ask myself what would she have done. This approach has always helped me to move forward. Indeed, I believe the best way to celebrate Rita Levi-Montalcini as a woman in neuroscience is to recount how her exceptional example is a constant reminder as to why I have chosen to be a scientist. I hope she will always continue to be a source of inspiration for scientists in the future.

Primo Levi: A frustrated stereochemist?-Insight in hindsight.

Primo Levi (1919-1987) has become an iconic figure at the intersection of chemistry and culture. Levi has long been praised for his autobiographical account as survivor in Auschwitz and by his literary masterpiece "The Periodic Table." Little is however known beyond such facts, especially his academic period and early research on stereochemistry at the University of Turin, which were abruptly truncated by the racial laws and WWII. Even if, later on, Primo Levi succeeded as industrial chemist, he had a vivid interest in molecular asymmetry that lasted through his entire life. This concise paper highlights a little known academic period in the midst of social and political upheaval. Levi left us his humanity in an otherwise tortuous life, and his literature took inspiration from chemistry; perhaps as a metaphor connecting the physical world and people's life.

Significante versus inconsciente, contra-dicções: Ou, antes do signo, a o-posição; no início, a imagem

Este trabalho discute a proposição lacaniana segundo a qual o inconsciente é estruturado como uma linguagem e sua fundamentação a partir da Antropologia de Lévi-Strauss. Em vista disso, discute o estatuto do significante (no quadro teórico do signo linguístico) como ser concreto e como representação vazia ou indeterminada, destituída de conteúdo ou significado e o da imagem fundante do mesmo, a qual se impõe como seu pressuposto essencial. Enfim, considera os limites e as contradições do significante para a tematização e a compreensão do inconsciente.

This paper discusses the Lacanian proposition according to which "the unconscious is structured as a language" and its foundation from the Levi-Strauss Anthropology. In view of this, it discusses the status of the signifier (in the theoretical framework of the linguistic sign) as a concrete being and as an empty or indeterminate representation, devoid of content or meaning and that of the founding image of the same, which is imposed as its essential presupposition. Finally, consider the limits and contradictions of the signifier for thematization and understanding of the unconscious.

The Legacy of Rita Levi-Montalcini: From Nerve Growth Factor to Neuroinflammation.

Rita Levi-Montalcini was an extraordinary personality and with her profession she made a tremendous contribution to humanity. Doctor, Nobel laureate for medicine, neuroscientist, she contributed, thanks to her research, to improve the knowledge of the nervous system. She discovered the nerve growth factor, which is applied in various fields of neurology, concerning neurodegenerative diseases. She also studied, in relatively newer years, the mechanisms of neuroinflammation. This last is a research that has been developing in recent years and is based on the predominantly anti-inflammatory properties of endogenous substances that able to act not only on diseases of the nerves, neuropathies, on the nerve roots, and radiculopathies but also on migraine and other non-neurological diseases. Her long life was full of positive and negative events. Born in a Jewish family, she lived her life as a young woman through war, Nazi deportations, and the Holocaust. Despite the difficulties, she found time to do research in the medical field, organizing research laboratories with other scholars. She had a difficult life, interspread with pain, destruction, extermination of human beings but also rewarded by scientific discoveries. A "small" woman but a great neuroscientist.

Primo Levi's bearing witness and the reinterpreted past: post-truth and the authoritarian other.

The stark realism of Primo Levi's experiences of the Shoah is considered in light of the current political climate in which the authoritarian other induces a divergence between reality, a state of things as they actually exist or existed, and truth, that which to some extent accords to reality. In this paper I will consider how truth becomes divorced from reality by considering Giegerich's interpretation of Plato's Parable of the Cave, arguing that truth is affected by perception and belief. After addressing 'truth' in justice, analytic work and the family, the post-truth phenomenon is discussed and defined as a force erosive to reason and sensibility; its general purpose is to avoid doubt and anxiety. The past is interpreted and re-interpreted to advance multiple geopolitical interests. Levi warned, in 1976, that the authoritarian state considers it quite permissible to alter the perception of what is true.

Le réalisme frappant des expériences de Primo Levi de la Shoah est étudié à la lumière du climat politique actuel dans lequel l'autre autoritariste provoque une divergence entre une vérité perçue et la réalité factuelle. Dans cet article je vais prendre en compte comment la vérité devient divorcée de la réalité. Pour cela, je considérerai l'interprétation que fait Giegerich de la parabole de la caverne de Platon, la vérité étant la perception d'une réalité factuelle qui fut jadis. Après une discussion de la « vérité ¼ dans le domaine de la justice, du travail analytique et de la famille, le phénomène de la post-vérité est abordé et défini comme une force érosive de la raison et de la sensibilité afin de s'épargner le doute et l'angoisse. Le passé est réinterprété dans le but de promouvoir les intérêts personnels et géopolitiques. Levi a donné l'avertissement, en 1976, que l'état autoritariste considère qu'il est permis d'altérer la vérité. Le point central dans la pensée de Levi est que la Shoah ne peut pas être comprise et ne doit pas être comprise, parce que comprendre voudrait dire la contenir.

El fuerte realismo de Primo Levi en torno a sus experiencias en la Shoah es considerado a la luz del clima político actual, en el cual el otro autoritario induce una divergencia entre una verdad percibida y la realidad factual. En el presente trabajo, consideraré como la verdad se divorcia de la realidad, considerando la interpretación de Giegerich sobre la parábola de la caverna de Platón, siendo la verdad, la percepción de una realidad factual que alguna vez fue. Luego de plantear la 'verdad' en la justicia, el trabajo analítico y la familia, el fenómeno de la posverdad es discutido y definido como una fuerza erosiva de la razón y de la sensibilidad para evitar la duda y la ansiedad. El pasado es reinterpretado dando cuenta del interés personal y de los intereses geopolíticos. Levi advirtió, en 1976, que el estado autoritario considera permitida la alteración de la verdad. Central en el pensamiento de Levi es que la Shoah no puede ser comprendida y no debería ser comprendida, porque comprenderla significa contenerla.

The Periodic-Table-A Universal Icon: Its Birth 150†Years Ago, and Its Popularization Through Literature Art and Music.

This Essay projects the spark of genius of Mendeleev, whose efforts led to the effective formulation of the periodic table, which has placed the entire world of chemical matter on a palm. The periodic table gave rise to a central paradigm, which did for chemistry what Newton had done for physics and Darwin for biology. Subsequently the Essay recounts the popularization of the Periodic Table through literature by Primo Levi, Oliver Sacks and others, and through music and art by composers and artists, such as Jerry Feldman, the King Crimson band, Tom Lehrer, and George Brecht, Blair Bradshaw, Eugènia Balcells, etc.

The Individual and the Collective: Sociological Influences on Lacan's Concept of the Relation Subject-Other.

In this conceptual analysis we discuss the sociological influences on Lacan's conceptualization of the relation between the subject and the other. In his writings predating World War II Lacan defines this relation in terms of identification. However, from 1953 onward he defines it in terms of the subject of speech and the Symbolic Other. It is a popular notion to characterize this change in terms of a radical breach, influenced by the reading of Lévi-Strauss. However, through a close reading of both Lacan's early writings and their Durkheimian influences we will demonstrate that what has changed, is Lacan's conceptualization of the relation between the individual and the collective. This change was gradual rather than sudden. Moreover, it can be situated within the theoretical evolution of the contiguous fields of sociology, anthropology and psychoanalysis. Thus we reject the idea of a breach within his own thought and with what came before him. We will establish our point through a summary of how the relation between the individual and the collective was theorized before Lacan. Durkheim conceptualized this relation as dual: the individual and the collective are radically separated. Mauss attempted to unify the field of anthropology through the holistic concept of the total man. In Lévi-Straus's formalization the individual becomes a function within a structured, Symbolic system. Finally, a reading of Lacan's publications concerning the notion of the logic of the collective will testify to his attempts at formulating a notion of the subject that asserts itself against this collective while at the same time retaining its nature of a logical function. This is the conundrum that Lacan will confront time and again throughout his teachings. Lévi-Strauss merely provided him with the methodological tools of structural anthropology that helped him refine the interrogations that he had already begun.

Incesto: el Tabú de Edipo. Cuando la función del “por lo menos uno que no” es fallida / Incest: the Oedipus Taboo. When the function of “at least one that does not” is failed / Incesto: o tabu de Édipo. Quando a função de “pelo menos um que não” falha / L’inceste: le tabou d’Œdipe. Quand la fonction du “au moins un” échoue

Desde muy temprano Lacan supo resaltar los efectos devastadores del incesto, ubicando esta cuestión en términos del estrago (ravage). En general, esta parece ser la referencia más común que se utiliza en los casos de incesto para dar cuenta de la gravedad sintomática de los pacientes. Sin embargo, cuando Lacan desar-rolla el nudo borromeo en Seminario 22 (Complejo de Edipo — realidad psíqui-ca freudiana), le confiere a la interdiccióndel incesto un carácter estructurante y simbólico, por ser, al decir de Lévi-Strauss, la norma/intervención (universal y particular a la vez) que permite el pasaje de la naturaleza a la cultura. Estas referencias nos imponen entonces rever la question del incesto en términos ló-gicos de las fórmulas de sexuación y no ya tanto desde el sentido descriptivo del asunto, visibilizando la falla estructural de la función del “por lo menos uno que no” (desarrollada durante los Seminarios 18, 19 y 20) y sus implicancias a nivel del Complejo de Edipo (como cuarto que anuda los tres registros) y de las políticas de goce. Sin dudas, la mujer como objeto de goce, desarrollada en el Seminario 14, más los recientes aportes de Silvia Federici sobre las mujeres, el cuerpo y la acu-mulación originaria, será un pasaje necesario para entender el lugar de la mujer y del capital en toda esta question tan extraña como ominosa.(AU)

From an early age, Lacan was able to highlight the devastating effects of the in-cest, placing this question in terms of ravage. In general, this seems to be the most common reference used in cases of incest to account for the symptomatic severity of patients. However, when Lacan develops the Borromean knot in Seminar 22(Complex of Oedipus — Freudian psychic reality), it confers on the interdiction of the incest a structuring and symbolic character, being, according to Lévi-Strauss, the norm/intervention (universal and particular at the same time) that allows the passage from nature to culture. These references then require us to review the question of the incest in logical terms of the sexuation formulas and not so much from the descriptive sense of the subject, making visible the structural failure of the “at least one that does not” function (developed during the Seminars 18, 19 and 20) and its implications at the level of the Oedipus Complex (as the fourth one that knots the three registers) and the policies of enjoyment. Undoubtedly, women as an object of enjoyment, developed in Seminar 14, plus the recent contri-butions from Silvia Federici on women, body and original accumulation, will be necessaries passages to understand the place of women and capital in this whole question, which is as strange as it is ominous.(AU)

Desde cedo, Lacan pôde destacar os efeitos devastadores do incesto, colocando essa questão em termos de devastação. Em geral, essa parece ser a referência mais comum utilizada nos casos de incesto para explicar a gravidade sintomática dos pacientes. No entanto, quando Lacan desenvolve o nó borromeano no Seminário 22 (complexo de Édipo — realidade psíquica freudiana), confere à interdição do incesto um caráter estruturante e simbólico, sendo, segundo Lévi-Strauss, a nor-ma/intervenção (universal e particular ao mesmo tempo) que permite a passagem da natureza à cultura. Essas referências exigem, então, que revisemos a questão do incesto em termos lógicos das fórmulas de sexuação, e não tanto do sentido descritivo do tema, tornando visível o fracasso estrutural da função “pelo menos um que não” (desenvolvido durante os Seminários 18, 19 e 20) e suas implicações no nível do complexo de Édipo (como o quarto que amarra os três registros) e das políticas de gozo. Sem dúvida, a mulher como objeto de gozo, desenvolvida no Seminário 14, mais as contribuições recentes de Silvia Federici sobre as mulheres, o corpo e a acumulação original, serão passagens necessárias para entender o lu-gar da mulher e do capital em toda essa questão tão estranha quanto ameaçadora.(AU)

Lacan a su très tôt mettre en évidence les effets dévastateurs de l’inceste, en pla-çant cette question en termes de ravage. En général, celle-ci semble être la réfé-rence la plus couramment utilisée dans les cas d’inceste pour expliquer la gravité symptomatique des patients. Toutefois, lorsque Lacan développe le nœud borro-méen dans le Séminaire 22 (Complexe d’Œdipe — la réalité psychique freudien-ne), il attribue à l’interdictionde l’inceste un caractère structurant et symboli-que, puisque, selon les termes de Lévi-Strauss, c’est la norme/intervention (à la fois universelle et particulière) ce qui permet le passage de la nature à la culture. Ces références nous obligent alors à revoir la question de l’inceste dans les ter-mes logiques des formules sexuation, et non pas dans son sens descriptif, ce qui rend visible la défaillance structurelle de la fonction d’“au moins un” (mise au point au cours de Séminaires 18, 19 et 20), ses implications au niveau du Com-plexe d’Œdipe (comme le quatrième noeud qui noue les trois registres) et des politiques de jouissance. Sans aucun doute, la femme comme objet de jouissan-ce — tel qu’elle est décrite dans le Séminaire14 —, ainsi que les les contribu-tions récentes de Silvia Federici à propos des femmes, du corps et de l’accumu-lation originaire seront des thèmes importants à analyser pour comprendre la place des femmes et du capital dans cette question aussi étrange que menaçante.(AU)

Non-Commutative Worlds and Classical Constraints.

This paper reviews results about discrete physics and non-commutative worlds and explores further the structure and consequences of constraints linking classical calculus and discrete calculus formulated via commutators. In particular, we review how the formalism of generalized non-commutative electromagnetism follows from a first order constraint and how, via the Kilmister equation, relationships with general relativity follow from a second order constraint. It is remarkable that a second order constraint, based on interlacing the commutative and non-commutative worlds, leads to an equivalent tensor equation at the pole of geodesic coordinates for general relativity.

Quem testemunha pelas testemunhas? Traumatismo e sublimação em Primo Levi / Who gives testimony for the witnesses? Trauma and sublimation in Primo Levi / Qui témoigne pour les témoins? Traumatisme et sublimation chez Primo Levi / ¿Quién testimonia por los testigos? Traumatismo y sublimación en Primo Levi

Pretende-se, neste artigo, analisar as relações entre o traumatismo e a sublimação a partir da análise da produção testemunhal, literária, poética e autobiográfica de Primo Levi. Partindo da distinção, proposta por Freud, acerca dos efeitos positivos e negativos do traumatismo, demonstra-se, através do estudo da obra de Primo Levi, incluindo suas entrevistas, que é possível sublimar, a partir das experiências traumáticas, articulando, assim, traumatismo e sublimação. Entretanto, admite-se que o alcance da sublimação de Primo Levi no decorrer das décadas tenha sido insuficiente, sublinhando um hiato que marca o retorno do real traumático. O trabalho finaliza com alguns questionamentos acerca do lugar da Psicanálise na leitura de fenômenos humanos que transbordam a capacidade humana de significância.(AU)

This article intends to analyze the relations between trauma and sublimation based on the analysis of the testimonial, literary, poetic and autobiographical production of Primo Levi. Using Freud's proposition of distinction between the positive and negative effects of trauma as a starting point, the study of Primo Levi's work - including his interviews - shows that it is possible to sublimate from traumatic experiences, therefore articulating trauma and sublimation. At the same time, it is acknowledged that the scope of Primo Levi's sublimation during the decades were insufficient, stressing a hiatus that signalizes the return to the traumatic real. The work comes to an end with questionings about the role of psychoanalysis in the reading of human phenomena that go beyond the human capacity of significance.(AU)

Dans cet article, nous prétendons analyser les rapports entre le traumatisme et la sublimation à partir de la production testimoniale, littéraire, poétique et autobiographique de Primo Levi. En partant de la distinction, proposée par Freud, sur les effets positifs et négatifs du traumatisme, il est démontré par l'étude de l'œuvre de Primo Levi et de ses entretiens qu'il est possible de sublimer à partir des expériences traumatiques, de façon que traumatisme et sublimation se sont articulés. Cependant, il est admis que la portée de la sublimation de Primo Levi au long des décades a été insuffisante, et souligne un hiatus qui marque le retour du réel traumatique. Le travail finalise avec certains questionnements sur la place de la psychanalyse dans la lecture des phénomènes humains qui débordent la capacité humaine de signifiance.(AU)

Se pretende, en este trabajo, analizar las relaciones entre el traumatismo y la sublimación a partir del análisis de la producción testimonial, literaria, poética y autobiográfica de Primo Levi. Partiendo del distingo, sostenido por Freud, acerca de los efectos positivos y negativos del traumatismo, se demuestra, a través del estudio de la obra de Primo Levi, incluso sus entrevistas, que es posible sublimar a partir de las experiencias traumáticas, articulando, con eso, traumatismo y sublimación. Sin embargo, se reconoce que el alcance de la sublimación de Primo Levi en el trascurrir de las décadas haya sido insuficiente, subrayando un hiato que atestigua el retorno del real traumático. El trabajo termina con algunos cuestionamientos acerca del lugar del Psicoanálisis en la lectura de fenómenos humanos que trasbordan la capacidad humana de significancia.(AU)

Quem testemunha pelas testemunhas? Traumatismo e sublimação em primo levi / Who gives testimony for the witnesses? Trauma and sublimation in primo levi / Qui témoigne pour les témoins? Traumatisme et sublimation chez primo levi / ¿Quién testimonia por los testigos? Traumatismo y sublimación en primo levi

Pretende-se, neste artigo, analisar as relações entre o traumatismo e a sublimação a partir da análise da produção testemunhal, literária, poética e autobiográfica de Primo Levi. Partindo da distinção, proposta por Freud, acerca dos efeitos positivos e negativos do traumatismo, demonstra-se, através do estudo da obra de Primo Levi, incluindo suas entrevistas, que é possível sublimar, a partir das experiências traumáticas, articulando, assim, traumatismo e sublimação. Entretanto, admite-se que o alcance da sublimação de Primo Levi no decorrer das décadas tenha sido insuficiente, sublinhando um hiato que marca o retorno do real traumático. O trabalho finaliza com alguns questionamentos acerca do lugar da Psicanálise na leitura de fenômenos humanos que transbordam a capacidade humana de significância.

This article intends to analyze the relations between trauma and sublimation based on the analysis of the testimonial, literary, poetic and autobiographical production of Primo Levi. Using Freud's proposition of distinction between the positive and negative effects of trauma as a starting point, the study of Primo Levi's work - including his interviews - shows that it is possible to sublimate from traumatic experiences, therefore articulating trauma and sublimation. At the same time, it is acknowledged that the scope of Primo Levi's sublimation during the decades were insufficient, stressing a hiatus that signalizes the return to the traumatic real. The work comes to an end with questionings about the role of psychoanalysis in the reading of human phenomena that go beyond the human capacity of significance.

Dans cet article, nous prétendons analyser les rapports entre le traumatisme et la sublimation à partir de la production testimoniale, littéraire, poétique et autobiographique de Primo Levi. En partant de la distinction, proposée par Freud, sur les effets positifs et négatifs du traumatisme, il est démontré par l'étude de l'œuvre de Primo Levi et de ses entretiens qu'il est possible de sublimer à partir des expériences traumatiques, de façon que traumatisme et sublimation se sont articulés. Cependant, il est admis que la portée de la sublimation de Primo Levi au long des décades a été insuffisante, et souligne un hiatus qui marque le retour du réel traumatique. Le travail finalise avec certains questionnements sur la place de la psychanalyse dans la lecture des phénomènes humains qui débordent la capacité humaine de signifiance.

Se pretende, en este trabajo, analizar las relaciones entre el traumatismo y la sublimación a partir del análisis de la producción testimonial, literaria, poética y autobiográfica de Primo Levi. Partiendo del distingo, sostenido por Freud, acerca de los efectos positivos y negativos del traumatismo, se demuestra, a través del estudio de la obra de Primo Levi, incluso sus entrevistas, que es posible sublimar a partir de las experiencias traumáticas, articulando, con eso, traumatismo y sublimación. Sin embargo, se reconoce que el alcance de la sublimación de Primo Levi en el trascurrir de las décadas haya sido insuficiente, subrayando un hiato que atestigua el retorno del real traumático. El trabajo termina con algunos cuestionamientos acerca del lugar del Psicoanálisis en la lectura de fenómenos humanos que trasbordan la capacidad humana de significancia.

Sobre meu encontro com Lévi-Strauss / About my meeting with Levi-Strauss / Acerca de mi encuentro con Levi-Strauss

No presente artigo a autora faz um relato sobre entrevistas presenciais efetuadasdurante dez anos com Claude Lévi-Strauss, em Paris. O interesse da autora pelaspesquisas com populações indígenas de Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul, o início desuas atividades na Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, em Campo Grande, (MS) são oponto de partida para suas pesquisas que favoreceram a sua aproximação com oantropólogo. Outros fatos relevantes foram à leitura da obra de Claude Lévi-Strauss,Tristes Trópicos, com importantes informações sobre a região e seus índios, os estudosno Programa de Mestrado em Psicologia Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica deSão Paulo-PUC/SP e doutorado em Paris 8- Sorbonne. As pesquisas com grupos Bororode MT e Kadiwéu de MS foram fatos que revelaram a maior afinidade e promoveram umagrande amizade entre a autora e o antropólogo. Os dois grupos étnicos marcaram iníciodos estudos de Claude Lévi-Strauss e sua Teoria – Antropologia Estrutural na década de30. Além da correspondência trocada entre ambos, vários encontros estão descritos no texto(AU)

The present article reports my friendship with Claude Lévi-Strauss, whichlasted for about the ten last years of his life. The author’s interest in researching theindigenous populations of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, the beginning of heractivities at Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande – MS, were the startingpoints for their research, such facts have favored their scientifical approach. Otherrelevant facts were the study of the work of Claude Lévi-Strauss, especially TristesTropiques, with important information about such Brazilian region and its Indians, studiesin Masters Program in Social Psychology at the Catholic University of São PauloPUCSPand Doctorate in Paris 8 - Sorbonne. The Bororo (MT) and Kadiwéu (MS)research groups revealed an affinity and promoted a strong friendship between theauthor and the anthropologist. The two ethnic groups have then marked the beginningof Claude Lévi-Strauss’s studies and his Theory - Structural Anthropology in the 30s.Besides the correspondence between them, several meetings are described in thetext(AU)

En este artículo, la autora nos relata algunas entrevistas personales conClaude Lévi-Strauss en el período de diez años en Paris. El interés de la autora por las investigaciones con poblaciones indígenas de Mato Grosso y Mato Grosso do Sulasí como el inicio de sus actividades en la Universidad Católica Don Bosco, CampoGrande, MS destacan como el punto de partida para sus investigaciones. Otros hechosrelevantes se asocian a los estudios de la obra de Claude Lévi-Strauss, especialmenteTristes Trópicos, con informaciones importantes sobre la región y sus indios, losestudios en la Maestría de Psicología Social de la Universidad Católica de São PauloPUCSPy el doctorado en Paris 8 - Sorbonne. Las investigaciones con los gruposBororo de MT y los Kadiwéu de MS revelan su afinidad y promoviendo una gran amistadentre la autora y el antropólogo. Los dos grupos étnicos marcan el inicio de los estudiosde Claude Lévi-Strauss y su Teoría - Antropología Estructural en los años 30. Así comola correspondencia entre ellos, varios encuentros se describen en el texto(AU)

Sur ma rencontre avec Lévi-Strauss / About my meeting with Levi-Strauss / Acerca de mi encuentro con Levi-Strauss

Dans cet article je relate une relation de dix années d’amitié avec ClaudeLévi-Strauss. L’intérêt de l’auteure pour les recherches sur les populations indiennesdu Mato Grosso et du Mato Grosso du Sud, le début de ses activités au sein del’Université Catholique Dom Bosco à Campo Grande, MS ont été le point de départ deses recherches qui ont alors favorisé l’ approche entre l’auteure et l’anthropologue.Autres facteurs importants ont été la lecture de l’œuvre de Claude Lévi-Strauss, enparticulier Tristes Tropiques, contenant d’importantes informations sur la région ainsique sur ses indiens, les études du programme de Maîtrise en Psychologie Sociale dela pontificale Université Catholique de Sao Paulo-PUCSP et le doctorat à Paris 8-Sorbonne. Les recherches avec les groupes Bororo du MT et les Kadiwéu du MS ontrévélés la plus grande affinité et ont promu une grande amitié entre l’auteure etl’anthropologue. Les deux groupes ethniques ont marqué le début des études de ClaudeLévi-Strauss et de sa théorie-Anthropologie Structurale dans les années 30. Au-delà deleurs courriers échangés, diverses rencontres sont décrites dans le texte(AU)

The present article reports my friendship with Claude Lévi-Strauss, whichlasted for about the ten last years of his life. The author’s interest in researching theindigenous populations of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, the beginning of heractivities at Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande – MS, were the startingpoints for their research, such facts have favored their scientifical approach. Otherrelevant facts were the study of the work of Claude Lévi-Strauss, especially TristesTropiques, with important information about such Brazilian region and its Indians, studiesin Masters Program in Social Psychology at the Catholic University of São PauloPUCSPand doctorate in Paris 8 - Sorbonne. The Bororo (MT) and Kadiwéu (MS)research groups revealed an affinity and promoted a strong friendship between theauthor and the anthropologist. The two ethnic groups have then marked the beginningof Claude Lévi-Strauss’s studies and his Theory - Structural Anthropology in the 30s.Besides the correspondence between them, several meetings are described in thetext(AU)

En este artículo, la autora nos relata algunas entrevistas personales conClaude Lévi-Strauss en el período de diez años en Paris. El interés del autora por lasinvestigaciones con poblaciones indígenas de Mato Grosso y Mato Grosso do Sul asícomo el inicio de sus actividades en la Universidad Católica Don Bosco, Campo Grande,MS destacan como el punto de partida para sus investigaciones. Otros hechosrelevantes se asocian a los estudios de la obra de Claude Lévi-Strauss, especialmenteTristes Trópicos, con informaciones importantes sobre la región y sus indios, losestudios en la Maestría de Psicología Social de la Universidad Católica de São PauloPUCSPy el doctorado en Paris 8 - Sorbonne. Las investigaciones con los gruposBororo de MT y los Kadiwéu de MS revelan su afinidad y promoviendo una gran amistadentre la autora y el antropólogo. Los dos grupos étnicos marcan el inicio de los estudiosde Claude Lévi-Strauss y su Teoría - Antropología Estructural en los años 30. Así comola correspondencia entre ellos, varios encuentros se describen en el texto(AU)

Los medios de comunicación y la construcción del territorio en América Latina / Means of communication and the construction of territory in Latin America

En este trabajo se analizan el impacto y las dificultades de la instalación de los medios de comunicación, en particular la telegrafía, a la que se le atribuyó la creación de un espacio comunicado a escala continental. Primero, se hará referencia a Domingo F. Sarmiento, como uno de los protagonistas de los proyectos de telegrafía y ferrocarril propios del Siglo XIX. En segundo lugar, aparecerá la expedición del ingeniero militar Candido Mariano da Silva Rondon quien, algunas décadas más tarde, con la colocación de una línea telegráfica en el sertão brasileño, marca, sin embargo, el fin del siglo de la telegrafía con hilos. Y finalmente, se volverá a la línea Rondon unos veinte años más tarde, cuando en 1938 Claude Lévi-Strauss viaja "sobre la línea" encontrando aquellos sistemas de comunicación precolombinos que pudieron haber existido entre ambas Américas.

The creation of a continental-scale communication space has been attributed to the telegraph in Latin America. The article analyzes the problems encountered in installing means of communication and their subsequent impact, focusing on the telegraph. The study begins by looking at Domingo F. Sarmiento, one of the protagonists of nineteenth-century telegraph and railroad projects. It next examines the expedition by military engineer Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon, who put telegraph lines in place in the Brazilian sertão some decades later, at the end of the cycle of wired telegraphs. Lastly, it explores Claude Lévi-Strauss's 1938 trip along Rondon's line, where the French anthropologist found pre-Colombian communication systems that may have existed between the Americas.